@JournalArticle {2356,
	title = {Effective Low-energy Mixing Procedure to Develop High-fluidity Cementitious Pastes},
	journal = {Revista Mat{\'e}ria},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016-01-01 00:00:00},
	pages = {11-17},
	publisher = {Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro},
	abstract = {
Preparing a high fluidity paste is a major step in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) development with
respect to its self-compacting ability as well as its ultra-high strength. In this regard, some experiments have been carried out in order to study various superplasticizer (SP) addition methods and times. Among these procedures, stepwise and delayed methods seem to be more efficient compared to direct addition of SP with or immediately after water addition. However, few studies regarding water addition time and method have been conducted since now. In this research work, the effects of water and SP addition methods on the fluidity of paste were investigated. The results demonstrated that stepwise and delayed water beside delayed SP addition remarkably reduce the flow time. This maximum fluidity was achieved after totally 15 minutes of mixing including 3 minutes after 70\% of water addition to powder, as first-part water, 6 minutes after SP addition and finally an extra 6 minutes after second-part water which is 30\% of the total water. Based on this procedure, the opportunity for developing self-compacting and durable UHPC could be accessible. Furthermore, using higher content of aggregates and supplementary cementitious materials would be possible due to higher fluidity of the paste which finally results in an eco-efficient UHPC.
},
	keywords = {Addition time, Concrete paste, Eco-efficient, Fluidity, Superplasticizer; Mixing method; Self-compacting, Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), Workability},
	issn = {1517-7076},
	doi = {10.1590/S1517-707620160001.0002},
	url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1517-70762016000100003},
	author = {Ferdosian, I. and Cam{\~o}es, A.}
}