@JournalArticle {2128,
	title = {Self-monitoring of freeze{\textendash}thaw damage using triphasic electric conductive concrete},
	journal = {Construction and Building Materials},
	volume = {101},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015-12-15 00:00:00},
	pages = {440-446},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {
The effect of freeze{\textendash}thaw cycles on concrete is of great importance for durability evaluation of concrete
structures in cold regions. In this paper, damage accumulation was studied by following the fractional
change of impedance (FCI) with number of freeze{\textendash}thaw cycles (N). The nano-carbon black (NCB), carbon
fiber (CF) and steel fiber (SF) were added to plain concrete to produce the triphasic electrical conductive
(TEC) and ductile concrete. The effects of NCB, CF and SF on the compressive strength, flexural properties,
electrical impedance were investigated. The concrete beams with different dosages of conductive materials
were studied for FCI, N and mass loss (ML), the relationship between FCI and N of conductive concrete
can be well defined by a first order exponential decay curve. It is noted that this nondestructive and
sensitive real-time testing method is meaningful for evaluating of freeze{\textendash}thaw damage in concrete.
},
	keywords = {Conductive concrete, Fractional change in impedance, Freezing and thawing damage., Micro carbon fibers Macro steel fibers Nano carbon black},
	issn = {0950-0618},
	doi = {10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.135},
	author = {Ding, Y. and Huang, Y. and Zhang, Y. and Jalali, S. and Aguiar, J. B.}
}